Diagnostic evaluation of adults with hyponatremia - UpToDate
Sep 8, 2025 · In healthy individuals, the ingestion of water does not lead to hyponatremia because suppressed release of arginine vasopressin (AVP; also known as antidiuretic hormone) allows …
Treatment of hypernatremia in adults - UpToDate
May 17, 2024 · The treatment of hypernatremia in patients with impaired thirst, with or without arginine vasopressin disorders, and with primary sodium overload will also be reviewed.
Pathophysiology and etiology of the syndrome of ... - UpToDate
Aug 27, 2025 · In SIAD, the urine sodium concentration is usually above 40 mEq/L, the serum potassium concentration is normal, there is no acid-base disturbance, and the serum uric acid …
Evaluation of acute kidney injury among hospitalized adult patients
Jun 3, 2024 · Among hospitalized patients who generally have frequent monitoring of serum creatinine levels and urine quantity, the diagnosis of AKI is easily established by demonstrating an increase in …
Determining the cause of hyponatremia (adults) - UpToDate
Patients with hypovolemic hyponatremia due to diuretics may have a low urine sodium if the effect of the diuretic has worn off. § If the serum sodium is 125 mEq/L or less, we do not give isotonic saline.
Overview of the treatment of hyponatremia in adults - UpToDate
Feb 25, 2025 · Hyponatremia represents a relative excess of water in relation to sodium. It can be induced by a marked increase in water intake (primary polydipsia) and/or by impaired water excretion …
Causes of hyponatremia without hypotonicity (including ...
Sep 18, 2024 · However, the sodium concentration will be measured as normal by direct sodium-selective electrodes used by blood gas analyzers and some point-of-care devices. The causes of …
Fractional excretion of sodium, urea, and other molecules in
Oct 30, 2024 · The fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) measures the percent of filtered sodium that is excreted in the urine. This calculation is used to help differentiate prerenal disease (decreased …
Treatment of hyponatremia: Syndrome of inappropriate ... - UpToDate
Jan 5, 2026 · The choice of therapy of SIAD is dependent upon a number of factors including the degree of hyponatremia, the presence or absence of symptoms, the likelihood that the cause of SIAD is …
Laboratory test reference ranges in adults - UpToDate
Ranges for normal values vary depending on patient populations and test assays used. In some cases, the values presented here may differ from ranges reported from a local laboratory or within UpToDate.